Pergolas in Modern Construction

ESP Civil Engineering – Part 2: Open Cloze Exercise

Complete the text with the correct preposition: from, of, or with.

Pergolas in Modern Construction

Pergolas are popular structures used in gardens, parks, and public spaces. They are usually made (9) ______ timber, steel, or aluminium.

A pergola normally consists (10) ______ vertical columns and horizontal beams that provide partial shade. Modern pergolas are often designed (11) ______ decorative lighting and waterproof covers.

Some pergolas are constructed (12) ______ recycled materials to reduce environmental impact. In coastal areas, engineers prefer pergolas built (13) ______ aluminium because this material resists corrosion.

Architects often combine pergolas (14) ______ green areas to improve the appearance of outdoor spaces. Many modern designs are covered (15) ______ climbing plants to create natural shade.

Today, pergolas are considered an important part (16) ______ sustainable urban design.